The True Essence of Jyotihsastra

1. Introduction

The how and why of astrology had been one of the most baffling issues of science since the time of Newton, during the presently dominant paradigm of intellectual inquiry. Researches have failed to provide a valid demonstration of astrology in the same manner as the theories underlying its predecessor viz., astronomy. Astrology deciphered in its most pristine form from the prevalent trains of thoughts both western as well as oriental profess:

· Astrology depicts the manifestation of a transcendent, occult reality.
· Fundamental philosophical notions are: "As above so below" and "Universal inter-connectedness"
· Mechanism is a subtle concordance between celestial phenomena and terrestrial phenomena.

All these notions are under vehement criticisms and interpretations depending upon the intellectual sophistication of the people involved. To any sensible student of modern science unless burdened by certain psychic handicaps it is well evident that none of the above propositions are in conformity with the physical models of the universe created since the time of Issac Newton. It is equally true that the prevailing physical model of the universe is only an incomplete picture (smeared with innumerable question marks) arising out of the limited sensory activity of one of the last remaining flickers of a stream of biological evolution. A scientist who speaks without realizing this limitation of modern science is worthy of more ridicule than an astrologer trying to explain the mechanism of astrology with the borrowed terminology of science. Nothing in modern science bars the possibility of alternate physical models of the universe as divergent from the present physical models as the "Time of Minkowski" differed from the "Time in conceptions of the Newtonian age". Only after decades of research within the horizons of sensory world could the modern science resolve the true nature of light - gain a real grip with the corpuscular cum wavy nature of light - of course favored by circumstances that are not at all within the control of modern science. Time and gravity had been baffling physicists since the time of Newton and shall remain so still some fortuitous circumstances raises the curtain that separates these phenomena from our sensory understanding. Under a true scientific spirit that gives due cognizance to the nature of science there is no place for any controversy such as astrology versus science, astrology point towards one of the most critical of existential questions - what happens tomorrow and what is the meaning of life - what really stands behind the elusive phenomenon of Time? If a scientist turns his intellect away from these questions he is a victim of the sensory limitations on thinking and is in no way different from a priest/clergyman speaking about the creationist theory of world. Present controversy is more of psychic origin, arguments in favor and against reflects the psychology of men in the attire of astrologers and scientists incapable of carrying the inquiry forward and trying to gain popularity with conclusions about which they themselves have no conviction. I am yet to find either a scientist who has spoken about/criticized astrology in truly scientific terms or an astrologer who has described the philosophy and mechanism of astrology with a scientific spirit. My endeavor in the following part is to address this deficiency by speaking as an astrologer-scientist for rejuvenating one of the lost directions of human intellectual inquiry: How to transcend the sensory limitations described as 'maya' in Hindu scriptures and gain a grip with the enigmatic and illusory Time?

Let's not forget that the elusive origins of astrology stand in the background of the greatest deliberations on the meaning of life - the Upanis?ads. Till the time of Newton in the West and Acyuta Pis?arat?oty in the East it was nurtured by the greatest minds - mathematicians and astronomers - of the era and has fallen into the hands of frauds only very recently. The fact that it's a fraudulent business today, I repeat, it's a fraudulent business today, should not color our vision as to inhibit our quest behind the truth of it. As scientists our first task is not to impose the contempt that we gain at present (on seeing the charlatan business) onto a subject that represented the pinnacle of wisdom a few centuries back in the hands of illustrious astronomers and scientists of Kerala like Talakkulathu Bhat?t?atiri, Sangamagrama Madhava, Paramesvara, Nilakan?t?ha and the likes. Give it the honor it deserves - the honor it received in the hands of the geniuses I have referred to - before we take it up for an examination of the worth, for astrology is a manifestation that demands great respect and pure conscience as is the case with telescope in modern astronomy.

2. Contempt of the Scientists: Where lies the fault - in Astrology or in scientific thinking?

Since the beginning of the modern scientific age, innumerable ancient and medieval propositions have undergone scientific scrutiny, stood the tests of science and blossomed in to scientific disciplines or gained recognition as theories of science. Astronomy is the classic example without which astrology could not have evolved and the factors that prevented astrology from emulating the destiny achieved by astronomy is that we need to look in to in trying to answer the imbroglio - conflict between astrology and what we term as modern science. All the cannons of astronomy revealed by the R?s?is have undergone refinement and humanity has gained a graphic picture of the heavens more precisely than a being has the comprehension of his palm. In tracking the heavenly bodies modern mind-set has scaled heights greater than those scaled by the ancient astronomers and as such under normal circumstances modern science could have comprehended the interpretation of that heavenly picture with equal ease. However, the situation is different. It is doubtlessly clear when examined against the background of modern science that astrology does not exclusively fit within the frame of observations and reasoning over which astronomy is founded. What does this mean - Astrology is a pseudo-science or supernormal science?

It is certainly either a pseudo-science or supernormal science and the task in the context of the present conference is to identify its category, whether it's pseudo or supernormal. To achieve this identification of the true nature astrology we need to have a look at:

· What makes a science?

· How can a pseudo science be distinguished from science?

· What may be described as a supernormal science?
3. What Makes a Science, Pseudo-science, and Supernormal science?
Modern Science in its manifestation is the method of exploring answers to the myriads of questions that the phenomenal Universe invokes in us. It is not simply a bunch of answers but a method by which we give shape to an intellectual comprehension of the world, a consistent set of verified hypotheses that not only explains but also predicts the behavior of the universe. Further, the bunch of knowledge is subject to continued test and refinement by figuring out which explanation best predicts what actually happens, or best fits the observations.
· Science is a human endeavor with the same basic faults of its inventors.

· Science is a questioning of the natural world and is therefore constantly and systematically revisionary.

· Science uses data collected from the real world and quantifies that data.

· Science is the search for meaning in the data. Seeking inter-relationships, the formation of testable theories, hypotheses and models.
· Science recognizes the assumptions on which it is based.
A pseudo science on the other hand starts out within the premises of an unchallengeable hypothesis or a hypothesis that resists changes in contrast to the routine refinement in science for better match with observations. No objective assessment of experimental evidence even though some pseudo-scientists profess unconstrained beliefs, open mind and constant refining of their tools. Pseudo-scientists are often characterized by lack of critical inquiry, unwillingness to challenge ideas and the practice tend to be fraudulent driven by selfish motives. Problem in pseudo-scientific thinking as outlined in an article are:
· Anecdotes often quoted as evidence do not make a science
· Scientific vocabulary used does not make astrology a science
· Bold statements that do not make any sense/claims true
· Heresy does not equal correctness
· Burden of proof is ignored in making claims
· Unexplained is not inexplicable mystery
· Failures are ignored/ rationalized
· After-the-fact reasoning
· Coincidences that lack any design = mystery
· Representativeness not examined
· Appeals to mysterious and unknown forces
· Diversity of Astrological World Views
· Symbolism and the difficulty in testing of astrological claims
· Ideological immunity

A supernormal science can arise only under inquiring circumstances that defy the intellectual approach of modern science - the criteria of evidence, experiments, the weighing of possibilities, the testing of hypotheses, the establishment of theories, the many aspects of the methods of science which make it possible to draw accurate, reliable, meaningful conclusions about the phenomena of the physical universe.

For the empiricists belief in the five senses is an act of faith and all that we call as science will become a child's play if a sixth sense develops in someone and opens up a new window in to another dimension of the world. Modern science at the beginning of the 21st century understands its limitations better than ever before and a supernormal science could have evolved under a paradigm of thinking or a method of inquiry that transcended these limitations of modern science. Cognition in modern science is through the five senses and the conscious mind, which in no way can be considered as windows exhaustive in to the different dimensions of the world. The sum total of the modern scientific worldview achieves only a partial isomorphism with the phenomenal world. The world of organisms - especially what we tend to describe as destiny - lie outside the relatively small range of isomorphism achieved by modern science and it is in this domain a pseudo-science manages its existence or a supernormal science confers enlightenment. The philosophy of modern scientific pursuit does not take in to account the subjective side of human experiences - the unexplored realms of human existence - what we describe as the mysterious. We cannot rule out the possibility of scientific pursuit in this arena, but that need not be of the same geometry or anatomy as the objective sciences, or as of a precise structure as of science in its modern manifestation. When we walk around experience tells us that the earth is flat but the truth is otherwise - commonsense or even experimental evidences are not that decides the truth - as had happened in the case of the theory of continental drift and also in subtle cases like the wave theory of light. The complex organismic phenomena represented by Man remains a mystery outside the isomorphic models of biologists and it is better to plead ignorance rather than trying to serve a judgment that shall ultimately prove to be premature. As is well known to modern scientists "absence of evidence is not evidence of absence" and this applies in general to many controversial aspects of Man's existence, especially with regard to the domain we describe as 'spiritual'.

Brain corrupts the revelation of senses and the scientific hypotheses are nothing but imaginations consisting of distortion of the sensory data - as Werner Heisenberg observed: "What we observe is not nature itself but nature exposed to our method of questioning" - our perceptions of reality are influenced by the "theories framing our examination" of it. This is true not only for quantum physics but also for all observations of the world. It is well known among scientists that the equipments construct results and it is worth noting that the world of science expanded with the invention of new and new telescopes and the same has to be true about the sensory equipment - science in no way debars the existence of a supersensory world. If we want to do science, we have to learn to play the game of science and in the same manner if we want to do astrology we have to learn the game of astrology. It is not proper to demand the game of astrology in the field of restricted sensory science.

3. Astrology as a Science of Time: Horasastra

Apart from the generic name Jyotis?a astrology receives the title 'Hora sastra' (=Science of Time) in the ancient lore. As has been discussed elsewhere Jyotis?a had its origin and evolution in a paradigm of thinking obsessed with time and existential questions - its an attempt to answer the mystery of time. In terms of modern terminology astrology involves a modeling of Time, the apparently incessant flow of time abstracted mathematically as a phenomenal wheel manifesting over the heavens. The most fundamental question involved in the examination of the truth of astrology is the validity of this modeling of the apparent path of the Sun into the Zodiac:

The ecliptic is a circle and scientifically speaking, on a circle every point is on a par with the other to be considered as the zero point. Under such a situation what is the rationale of the choice of the zero point that serves the astrologers to delineate human and mundane destiny?

The irrational foundation of astrology is beyond doubt if a convincing answer cannot be found for this question. Attempt to explain away the problem of the multiplicity of the Zodiac in the astrology under practice even by such people as the editors of the so-called "astrological journals" is the most fraudulent activity that makes claim as a science. The Acaryas of yesteryears were not as irrational as these modern proponents as is evident from the old works:

In Dasadhyayee, in the commentary to the 4th verse of Varahamihira's Brhatjjataka, Bhat?t?atiri had raised the question:

· Kathamamurttasya kalasya murttatvamucyate?

· Kathamamurttasya kalasya saptavimsati nakshatrantarbhutanam rasinam avayavatvamupapadyate?

Bhat?t?atiri's answer was really scientific if not describable as Einsteinian:

· Kalpanikatvameva phalavijnapakatve…

It is well evident that almost thousand years before an astrologer and astronomer of Kerala had spoken of a physical model of Time!

· But what was the physical basis of this modeling? How could the formless Time be credited with a form or shape as Kalapurusha?

How was this accreditation achieved in Jyotis?a? Modern physical conception of Time and Space or Space-Time Universe cannot find any meaning in an ancient act of modeling time. At the best it will be described as "naïve science" an arbitrary conception arising out of primitive imagination.

· If at all Time has got a form, a manifesting structure, who could have and how could have experienced it?

4. Time as a Transcendent Occult Reality

[Keeping us well within the popular frame of modern science, let's call the following theorization just a hypothesis]

· What is Time? We are still confused as St. Augustine was when we have to express the answer in words!

Modern science does not recognize the evolutionary time, cosmic as well as biological, as a force. But this conceptual handicap of prevailing notions does not bar us from hypothesizing a force by name 'esoteric time' (e-time in short) as the cause of evolution. This force is mysterious as we are yet to decipher it in terms of modern physical parameters. By definition this esoteric- time-force manifests between the alpha and omega of physical time and all other forces of nature are its components. We perceive it as evolutionary time in both the cosmic and biological changes just as we perceive its component gravitation in falling apples. No sensible scientist can deny it as we see its manifestation everywhere - science itself is the study of changes and we have only given it a name: esoteric time force (ETF).

· How can this esoteric-time-force (ETF) be detected? According to cannons of modern science only a testable hypothesis has scientific value. We can frame any number of hypotheses but they are of no consequence to science unless they are testable by experiment or observations (operationally). A force can be detected only if it can be generated in sufficient quantity as to be detected by an instrument. ETF by definition is the unified field, which by its innumerable minute manifestations causes the incessantly changing world - its many manifestations such as electro-magnetic, nuclear etc have already undergone verification - how can the original, the unique strand that has driven the biological evolution be identified and detected?

If at all such an evolutionary-time-force exists it can only be detected in some evolutionary manifestation. Rather than in some modern some physical laboratories, its discovery will take place in the laboratory of Nature when Nature by accident or design produces the appropriate instrument.

5. Advent of Man at the Top of Evolutionary Pyramid

How is it that Man has come to occupy the top of the evolutionary pyramid? What made him different from other species of animals?

Modern biology considers man as one of the animals only. It addresses the intricacy of human evolution in terms of anatomical/physiological/morphological changes. Jyotis?a or more explicitly its parent discipline Tantra explains Man's advent as a critical step in the evolutionary chain - a product of nature reached above a threshold where it ceased to be bound by nature - in Man the esoteric time found expression as Kun?d?alini, the Yogasakti. Nature by accident or design had produced an instrument, Yantra in Tantric terminology, in which the esoteric time or Kalasakti could be detected or experienced in what is described as the S?adcakras. This experience of Time, as Jyoti, of course transcends the conventional modes of cognition familiar to modern science but this does not mean that the pursuit is unscientific. Yogic experience of time as Jyoti is certainly more realistic and the fact that modern science is yet to catch up with this phenomenon is only one of its many limitations. Illusory nature of time and destiny ceases with the experience of Kun?d?alini and the Yogi transcends to a superior state of cognition. The abstraction of the ecliptic into Zodiac - the modeling of Time that we see in Jyotis?a becomes scientific only under such a superior or supernormal paradigm of thinking.

Yogasakti turned out to be the fount of Man's creativity and thus began Man's intellectual quest and his ascent from the animal kingdom to the state of Pasupati Mr?tyunjaya. Realization of the esoteric time as Jyoti or Kun?d?alini demanded a life resonant with the vibrations of esoteric time and towards this end a symbolically equivalent personification of esoteric time was made as an abstraction of the geocentric orbits of planets which conveyed to man the sense of Time. Alignment of Yogasakti and Kalasakti was achieved by the creation of Muladhara Rahu Sikhi Cakra, the ancient Indian Tantric Zodiac.

A Subtle Theory of Time?

Implicit in the huge mass of astrological literature is a deciphered pattern of destiny - a cycle of growth and decay - in to which perhaps all living beings accommodates themselves modified by their special environments. This pattern has been deciphered in terms of the Nodes of Moon's orbit and other seven longitudes of Sun, Moon and planets Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn collectively described as Grahas. Physical effects such as gravitation has nothing to do with this scheme as is evident from the role of nodes in deriving the pattern. Cardinal aspects of the derivation of this pattern of destiny are:

· The bio-cosmic tie-up is deciphered with reference to the star Mula or l-Scorpii located at the intersection of the ecliptic and the galaxy.

· Diurnal rotation of the earth is linked to the position of the Moon over ecliptic by the equating 81X Ascendant = Moon or Moon ± 1200. This expression involves an occult play of digits of the decimal system: Earth is made to rotate 81 times faster so that each ascending arc of 9.87654321 minutes corresponds to Moon's transit of one Naks?atra of 800 minutes. Thus during Moon's occupancy of a naks?atra 243 patterns exists and during one sidereal revolution of Moon the total number of patterns are 243X27=6561 which is 38.

· Kunda-Lagna, which by definition has to be a triangular longitude of Moon, generates a time sequence describable in terms of the grahas or cosmic indicators. For example: Ascending longitude of 2400 will have Kundalagna equal to 00, 1200 or 2400, all the three representing a sequence: Sikhi: 07years, Sukra: 20years, Ravi: 06years, Candra: 10, Kuja: 07, Rahu: 18, Guru: 16, Sani: 19 and Budha: 17 years. The subsequent pattern will be after nearly 6 minutes [on the equator] when the ascendant becomes 2410.481481…and if we stick to the classical dictum the pattern persists for an ascending arc of 9.87654321 minutes, which is less than one minute of time on the equator.

Leaving aside the details of the scheme and efforts to understand it in terms of our commonsense/rationality, we may note that the scheme is an effort to characterize time in terms of a Cosmo-biological rhythm. Of late only modern biology has come to gain an understanding of the influence of the diurnal rotations of earth and the revolutions of Moon on the physiological processes and activities of living organisms. Whether the temporal evolution of biosphere has an implicit Cosmo-biological rhythm decipherable in terms of the rhythmic cycles of the grahas is a mute question that only Jyotis?a answers in the affirmative.

Universal Application

Whether Jyotis?a is universally applicable is another mute question. Going by the original precepts the derivations of Jyotis?a applies only to those who follow the tantric way of life. The tantric path in which Jyotis?a had its origin can be understood to be founded on the philosophy of rebirth, existence of pitr?s, and the worship of Linga and Sarpa as symbolically equivalent representations of Time and Yogic potential. What the snakes or Cobras have to do with time or yoga is a question for which we have no answer. But the tradition of Naga worship leaves no doubt regarding the existence of some esoteric connection. Jyotis?a is not of much use or impact in a society where such traditions or equivalent esoteric practices do not exist to address the supernatural powers that hold some control over destiny.

Whether it is an absolute science or not - confusion may still be there - but it is certain that it was an essential ingredient of a way of life founded on human creativity by men who sought to gain the kingdom of God.

As is often ill interpreted by certain people Jyotis?a is not panacea for all problems of humanity and does not answer all the mystery of our existence. Taken along with Yoga it point towards the direction from which answers to our questions shall ultimately come.

6. Is this Hypothesis Operationally Testable?

Is the above hypothesis an attempt to frame a transcendent world-view with which astrology can be put on a supernormal pedestal above scientific inquisition?

Two interesting observations that I have found over the Internet in this regard are:

® The failure of physical models to provide a plausible underpinning for astrological tenets has resulted in a shift to, or returns to, more animistic, transcendental world-views. While astrology is more "plausible" within such world-views, it is so only in the banal sense that such frameworks provide fewer constraints on what may be postulated than modern scientific formulations of the world.
® The appeal to transcendent world-views allows astrologers' postulations to override or sidestep any physical laws that may conflict with astrological philosophizing…. Astrologers who advocate such world-views do not provide articulated positions capable of constructive evaluation and improvement, but rather, couch their 'framework' in terms of spiritual/occult expressions, along with passing references to modern physics and allied disciplines to appear contemporary and fashionable….

Both the above observations are not applicable in this case because:

· Yoga has stood the test of science as is evident from the account of A.L. Basham:

"The awakened Kun?d?alini gives to the yogi superhuman power and knowledge, and many yogis have practiced yoga rather for this than for salvation. Some adepts of this form of yoga have developed powers which cannot fully be accounted for by European medical science and which cannot be explained away as subjective but the physiological basis of laya - and hatha -yoga is certainly false; there is no kun?d?alini, sus?umna or sahasrara. The ancient mystical physiology of India needs further study, not only by professional Indologists, but by open-minded biologists and psychologists…"

· Nothing prevents the scientists from rechecking the Yogic assertions on time and its manifestations as destiny. Of course, the burden of proof cannot be placed on the Yogis, as they do not care for the acceptance or rejection of Yoga or Jyotis?a by modern science.

7. Inconsistencies and Fraudulent Astrological Business

This paper in no way is a defense of the fraudulent business going on in the name of astrology. There are different schools of astrology that are contradictory to each other even in basic precepts and are practiced through out the world with a closed mind that gives no cognizance to scientific objectivity. Even in India people follow divergent conceptions of Zodiac and mathematico-logical systems with no scope for unanimity among the astrologers. The situation is as ludicrous as the effort to draw circles having different values of p or the use of different numerical values for any physical constant such as the speed of light or the Planck's constant. Vested interests and complacency are the hallmarks of the so-called Vedic astrology today. If we consider for example Kerala - one of the cradles of Jyotis?a at least since 7th century AD - the men who have nurtured the discipline of Jyotis?a were all world class scientists / astronomers /mathematicians of their times. On the contrary what we have as Jyotis?a today is a most unscientific use of the astronomical data catering to the exploitation of the weakness of common man's mind in conjunction with the paraphernalia of innumerable remedies that defy all scientific and scrupulous perceptions of a discipline of science/humanities. Moreover those who style themselves today as astrologers/so-called astrological scientists who exploit the common man through falsified astrological journalism have no grasp of astronomy/mathematics but they consider themselves as scientists on an equal footing with Bhaskaracarya or Newton on the ground that Bhaskara and Newton had practiced astrology.

Poor conditions prevailing in the practice of astrology and the skepticism are reflections of the departure our society has made from the paradigm in which Yoga and Jyotis?a had their origin.

· There are no reasons for any disagreement:
® Over the kinds of celestial configurations that are relevant, and how they are to be interpreted
® On which zodiac to use and how many planets to use
® On the astrological notion of Houses, as Jyotis?a profess the equal house division

· Astrological tenets are not based on any form of "inductive empiricism" - they were invented paranormally. Had they been based on correlations observed nothing prevents the men of science from observing/verifying them now.
· Isolated planetary correlations to the terrestrial happenings even if observable have no relevance to Jyotis?a.
It must be noted here that the True Zodiac is in fact, Rahu-Sikhi Cakra - it receives its name from the Nodes of luni-solar orbits that could not have been observable to the naked eye.

8. Yoga and Jyotis?a - Foundations of Hindu Spirituality

What we have described in section 5 as esoteric time is the singular crux of divinity in Hindu realm. It is the omnipotent God, nameless, formless…but appearing as innumerable in the Hindu pantheon due to historical reasons. True spirituality of the Hindu means the realization of this occult power as Kun?d?alini, Man's ascent to the kingdom of God, by managing his own evolution from Homo sapiens to (say) the Homo Divine. It's only through the path of Yoga that this realization of the God residing in our selves can be achieved.

Hindu Tantras, Upanis?ads, Epics and Puran?as as well as the customs and traditions have this royal science cryptically inscribed in them.

® Mahakala of Tantra is the personification of Muladharam?, the fiduciary star Mula marking the position of genitals/Lingam [2400] over the Human Zodiac. Siva and Sakti, the mythological progenitors of Yoga and Jyotis?a are therefore worshipped in the form of genitals. It is a custom instituted to serve as a cryptic record of the tantric modeling of Time. The fiduciary star and Kun?d?alini is further represented by the numbers 8 (rasis), 18 (naks?atras) and 72 (padas), that specify its position in popular units/parts of Jyotis?a.

® Kun?d?alini Cakra of the heavens received the name, Rahu-Sikhi Cakra, reminding us of the importance of luni-solar phenomena and especially eclipses in the realization of Tantric objectives.

® Zodiac is modeled to be isomorphic with the Saiva or Yogic conception of the Universe in terms of 36 Tattvas and other subtle factors of Yogic experience. Mathematical structure of the Zodiac is a grand abstractive design of the manifestation of what we call as destiny. According to modern physics time like space is another dimension of the world but we humans experience it as an illusory flow because of our three dimensionally limited conscience. In Jyotis?a, we have a similar situation, when a paranormal phenomenon is dealt with ordinary humans - a lot of uncertainties creep in due to the lack of Yogic vision.

® Jyotis?a, in fact is the Hindu theory of metaphysics and Yoga (metaphysical experience in conventional terms). Iconography of Siva encompasses both the aspects, symbolic representations of the original Tantric epoch of Jyotih?sastra and Yoga

Kun?d?alini is the essence of spirituality; it's the root from which all religiosity have sprung up around notions such as Atma, mukti etc. Doctrines such as soul and salvation are concepts borrowed from the prehistoric Tantric cults - original idea of Kun?d?alini that metamorphosed in to irrational and arbitrary conceptions founded on blind faith. It is unfortunate that even in Hindu India people take Atma and Atmiyata to be something that is inherently potential in all and something of subjective experience indistinguishable from pretentious/delusive psychic reactions of individuals. We have allowed a club-culture to evolve around spirituality as we have forgotten as to what really is the true spirituality. Innumerable temples and Asr?ams are getting flooded everyday with the so-called pilgrims (bhaktas) and they ever return becoming more and more vicious…. Acaryas having no commitment to truth and offering havens to frauds and criminals… not only Jyotis?a but the spirituality also is pseudo here and the reason is that we have forgotten the spirit of Yoga, the true experience of the world beyond five senses.

Reference:

1. Chandra Hari, K., Rasicakram? [Malayalam], 1996, Kuruks?etra Prakasan, Cochin.
2. Chandra Hari, K., Hindu Zodiac and Ancient Astronomy, Sri Sabarigiri Publications, Kadapra, Kumbanad, PIN: 689547, Kerala.
3. Chandra Hari, K., True Rationale of Suryasiddhanta, Indian Journal of History of Science, 32(3), 1997, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi - 2.
4. Chandra Hari, K., On the Origin of Sidereal Zodiac and Astronomy, Indian Journal of History of Science, 33(4), 1998, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi - 2.